Polymer/liquid crystal composite and liquid crystal display device including the same

ABSTRACT

The occurrence of a defective orientation of a polymer/liquid crystal composite is suppressed. In addition, the occurrence of defective display of a liquid crystal display device including the polymer/liquid crystal composite is suppressed. In the polymer/liquid crystal composite exhibiting a blue phase, a plurality of domains are included and defective orientations easily occur at boundaries between the domains. Thus, by lowering orientation periodicities at boundaries between the domains, a defect-free orientation to high orientation periodicities at the boundary between adjacent domains can be obtained. Specifically, the polymer/liquid crystal composite exhibiting the blue phase includes the plurality of domains each of which has a size of 3 μm or less.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a polymer/liquid crystal composite,particularly, a polymer/liquid crystal composite which includes a liquidcrystal material exhibiting a blue phase. The present invention alsorelates to a liquid crystal display device including the polymer/liquidcrystal composite.

2. Description of the Related Art

As a display device which is thin and lightweight (flat panel display),a liquid crystal display device including a liquid crystal element, adisplay device including a self-light-emitting element, a field emissiondisplay (FED), and the like have been competitively developed.

In a liquid crystal display device, response speed of liquid crystal isrequired to be increased. Among various kinds of display modes of liquidcrystal, liquid crystal modes capable of high-speed response are aferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) mode, an optically compensated bend(OCB) mode, and a mode using liquid crystal exhibiting a blue phase.

A blue phase is a liquid crystal phase which is exhibited between achiral nematic phase having a relatively short spiral pitch and anisotropic phase, and has a feature of an extremely high response speed.A liquid crystal display device which includes a liquid crystalexhibiting a blue phase does not need an alignment film and has a wideviewing angle, and thus has been developed for practical use. However,the blue phase is exhibited only in a small temperature range of 1° C.to 3° C. between a cholesteric phase and an isotropic phase. Thus, thereis a problem in that the temperature of an element needs to becontrolled precisely.

In order to solve this problem, it is proposed that the temperaturerange where a liquid crystal material contained in a liquid crystalcomposition exhibits a blue phase be widened by subjecting the liquidcrystal composition to polymer stabilization treatment (e.g., PatentDocument 1). Specifically, Patent Document 1 discloses a technique tostabilize a blue phase of a liquid crystal material (or to expand thetemperature range where a blue phase is exhibited) with a polymer(polymer network) formed by photopolymerization or thermalpolymerization of monomers contained in the liquid crystal composition.

REFERENCE

[Patent Document 1] PCT International Publication No. 2005/090520

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In some cases, however, a polymer/liquid crystal composite that can beobtained by the above-described polymer stabilization treatment does notexhibit a blue phase, that is, a liquid crystal material which exhibitsa blue phase exhibits a phase other than the blue phase, which ishereinafter referred to as defective orientation. This directly leads todefective display of a liquid crystal display device including thepolymer/liquid crystal composite.

The defective orientation partly arises from a structure of apolymer/liquid crystal composite exhibiting a blue phase. Thepolymer/liquid crystal composite exhibiting a blue phase typicallyincludes a plurality of domains. Adjacent domains have orientationperiodicities; in other words, the orientation periodicity of the domainis different from the oriental periodicity of the adjacent domain in atleast one of a polar angle and an azimuth angle. The plurality ofdomains have high orientation periodicities. The size of each domain isrelatively large between 5 μm to 10 μm.

In the case where the polymer/liquid crystal composite includes aplurality of domains having high orientation periodicities, anexhibition of a phase other than a blue phase, such as a cholestericphase, that is, a defective orientation might locally occur at aboundary between adjacent domains or in one domain. This is probablybecause the orientation periodicities of the domains are too high, sothat the domains are separated or the continuity between the domains isreduced at the boundaries between the domains.

In the case where a liquid crystal cell is manufactured using theabove-described polymer/liquid crystal composite, that is, thepolymer/liquid crystal composite is sealed between a pair of substrates,the size of a domain in the polymer/liquid crystal composite becomeslarger than a cell gap (i.e., the distance between the pair ofsubstrates) of the liquid crystal cell as the cell gap decreases.Further, a defective orientation might occur along a boundary betweendomains. This causes the boundary between the domains to longitudinallycross the cell gap; thus, a defective orientation occurs more easily.

In view of the above problems, an object of one embodiment of thepresent invention is to suppress the occurrence of a defectiveorientation of polymer/liquid crystal composite. Another object is tosuppress the occurrence of defective display of a liquid crystal displaydevice including the polymer/liquid crystal composite.

A polymer/liquid crystal composite exhibiting a blue phase includes aplurality of domains, and a defective orientation easily occurs atboundaries between the domains. Thus, by lowering the orientationperiodicities at the boundaries between the domains, the occurrence ofthe defective orientation due to high orientation periodicities at theboundary between adjacent domains can be suppressed. Details thereof aredescribed below.

One embodiment of the present invention is a polymer/liquid crystalcomposite exhibiting a blue phase. The polymer/liquid crystal compositeincludes a plurality of domains each of which has a size of 3 μm orless.

The polymer/liquid crystal composite including the plurality of domainseach of which has a size of 3 μm or less can also be called amicrocrystalline multi-domain structure for the size. By setting thesize of each domain to the above value, the orientation periodicities ofthe domains can be lowered. Even when the domains have high orientationperiodicities, a defective orientation can be prevented owing to theabove domain size.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a polymer/liquid crystalcomposite with the above structure, in which the size of each domain issmaller than or equal to a cell gap of a liquid crystal cell.

By making the size of each of the plurality of domains included in thepolymer/liquid crystal composite smaller than or equal to a cell gap ofa liquid crystal cell, a boundary between the domains does notlongitudinally cross the cell gap, which can reduce defectiveorientations.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a liquid crystal displaydevice including any of the above-described polymer/liquid crystalcomposites.

In the polymer/liquid crystal composite of one embodiment of the presentinvention, the occurrence of a defective orientation can be suppressed.It is accordingly possible to reduce defective display of a liquidcrystal display device including the polymer/liquid crystal composite.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a texture of a polymer/liquid crystal composite.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are a plan view and a cross-sectional view,respectively, of a liquid crystal display device.

FIGS. 3A and 3B show textures of a polymer/liquid crystal composite.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show textures of a polymer/liquid crystal composite.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described indetail. Note that the present invention is not limited to thedescription below, and a variety of changes can be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore,the invention should not be construed as being limited to thedescription below.

Note that in some cases, the position, size, range, and the like of eachcomponent illustrated in the drawings and the like are not accuratelyrepresented for easy understanding. Therefore, the disclosed inventionis not necessarily limited to the position, size, range, and the like inthe drawings and the like.

Embodiment 1

In this embodiment, a polymer/liquid crystal composite exhibiting a bluephase, which is one embodiment of the present invention, will bedescribed with reference to FIG. 1.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a texture of the polymer/liquid crystalcomposite exhibiting a blue phase, which is one embodiment of thepresent invention. The texture is observed with a microscope (e.g., aconfocal laser microscope).

According to the observed texture of the polymer/liquid crystalcomposite exhibiting a blue phase, which is shown in FIG. 1, the textureincludes a plurality of domains each of which has a size of 3 μm orless. The polymer/liquid crystal composite including the domains each ofwhich has a size of 3 μm or less can also be called a microcrystallinemulti-domain structure for the size.

Note that one domain in this specification and the like has anorientation periodicity with regularity and has a ring or an interfacecorresponding to the ring in a planar view. In other words, the domainwith the orientation periodicity with regularity does not necessarilyhave a complete ring. Further, the size of a domain means the size ofone domain. In other words, the size of the domain corresponds to adistance between interfaces with adjacent domains continuously havingthe different orientation periodicities with regularity in at least oneof a polar angle and an azimuth angle.

The size of each domain is controlled to be the above-described value,so that a defective orientation due to separation of the domains or adecline in the continuity between the domains which can occur at theboundary between the domains can be suppressed, so that defect-freemulti-domain orientation can be obtained. The domains have indistinctboundaries due to the partially continuous orientation periodicitiesbetween the adjacent domains.

The size of each domain can be controlled by adjusting a liquid crystalcomposition that can be used for the polymer/liquid crystal compositeand adjusting polymer stabilization treatment performed on the liquidcrystal composition.

Specifically, the liquid crystal composition that can be used for thepolymer/liquid crystal composite preferably includes aliquid-crystalline monomer represented by Structural Formula (100) givenbelow.

The material represented by Structural Formula (100) is1,4-bis-[4-(6-acryloyloxy-n-hexyl-1-oxy)benzoyloxy]-2-methylbenzene(abbreviation: RM257-O6), which is a liquid-crystalline monomer in whichthe chain length (the sum of carbon atoms and oxygen atoms) of anoxyalkylene group is seven.

The use of a liquid-crystalline monomer in which the chain length of anoxyalkylene group is an odd number (e.g., 5, 7, 9, or 11) can suitablylower the orientation periodicities of a plurality of domains in apolymer/liquid crystal composite which has been subjected to polymerstabilization treatment.

Meanwhile, in the case of a polymer/liquid crystal composite exhibitinga blue phase, in which a plurality of domains are not subjected tocontrol of the size and have different orientation periodicities (such acomposite is also called a multi-domain structure), an exhibition of aphase other than a blue phase, such as a cholesteric phase, that is, adefective orientation might locally occur at a boundary between adjacentdomains or in one domain. The reason is as follows: the domains have toohigh orientation periodicities, which cause separation of the domains ora decline in the continuity between the domains at the boundariesbetween the domains.

Further, in the case where the size of each domain is not controlled,the domain is relatively large between 5 μm to 10 μm. When the size ofthe domain increases, separation of the domains or a decline in thecontinuity between the domains easily occurs.

The technical idea of the present invention is that, in an observedtexture of a polymer/liquid crystal composite exhibiting a blue phase,orientation periodicities of adjacent domains are lowered by controllingthe size of each domain to be 3 μm or less, so that the occurrence of adefective orientation due to high orientation periodicities at theboundary between the adjacent domains is suppressed.

The texture of the polymer/liquid crystal composite exhibiting a bluephase, which is described above with reference to FIG. 1 and describedabove, can suppress a defect due to a defective orientation.

Note that the polymer/liquid crystal composite described in thisembodiment can be formed by subjecting a liquid crystal compositionincluding a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase to polymerstabilization treatment. The liquid crystal composition, the polymerstabilization treatment, and the polymer/liquid crystal composite willbe specifically described below.

<Liquid Crystal Composition>

As the liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal composition whichincludes a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase, aliquid-crystalline monomer, a non-liquid-crystalline monomer, and apolymerization initiator can be used.

Blue phases are phases in which light is not substantially scattered andwhich are optically isotropic. As the liquid crystal material exhibitinga blue phase, there are a nematic liquid-crystalline compound, a smecticliquid-crystalline compound, and the like, and the nematicliquid-crystalline compound is preferred. Note that the nematicliquid-crystalline compound is not particularly limited, and examplesthereof are a biphenyl-based compound, a terphenyl-based compound, aphenylcyclohexyl-based compound, a biphenylcyclohexyl-based compound, aphenylbicyclohexyl-based compound, a benzoic acid phenyl-based compound,a cyclohexyl benzoic acid phenyl-based compound, a phenyl benzoic acidphenyl-based compound, a bicyclohexyl carboxylic acid phenyl-basedcompound, an azomethine-based compound, azo- and azoxy-based compounds,a stilbene-based compound, a bicyclohexyl-based compound, aphenylpyrimidine-based compound, a biphenylpyrimidine-based compound, apyrimidine-based compound, a biphenyl ethyne-based compound, and thelike.

The liquid-crystalline monomer is a monomer that has a liquidcrystallinity and can be polymerized through photopolymerization. Forexample, as the liquid-crystalline monomer, a monomer having a mesogenicskeleton and two alkyl chains can be used. Note that the mesogenicskeleton in this specification refers to a highly rigid unit having twoor more rings such as aromatic rings. The two alkyl chains may be thesame or different. The material represented by Structural Formula (100)given above is particularly preferable as the liquid-crystallinemonomer.

The non-liquid-crystalline monomer refers to a monomer that does nothave a liquid crystallinity, can be polymerized throughphotopolymerization, and does not have a rod-shaped molecular structure(for example, a molecular structure with an alkyl group, a cyano group,a fluorine, or the like present at an end of a biphenyl group, abiphenyl-cyclohexyl group, or the like). Specifically, there aremonomers containing polymerizable groups such as acryloyl groups,methacryloyl groups, vinyl groups, epoxy groups, fumarate groups,cinnamoyl groups, and the like in molecular structures; however, thenon-liquid-crystalline monomer is not limited to these examples.

The photopolymerization reaction disclosed in this specification may becaused using any kind of light; it is preferable to use ultravioletrays. Therefore, as the polymerization initiator, for example, anacetophenone, a benzophenone, a benzoin, a benzil, a Michler's ketone, abenzoin alkyl ether, a benzil dimethylketal, or a thioxanthone can beused as appropriate. Note that after the polymer stabilizationtreatment, the polymerization initiator becomes an impurity that doesnot contribute to operation of a liquid crystal display device in thepolymer/liquid crystal composite; therefore, the amount of thepolymerization initiator is preferably as small as possible. Forexample, the amount of the polymerization initiator is preferably lessthan or equal to 0.5 wt % in the liquid crystal composition.

The liquid crystal composition may include a chiral material, inaddition to the liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase, theliquid-crystalline monomer, the non-liquid-crystalline monomer, and thepolymerization initiator. Note that the chiral material is a materialwith which a twist structure is caused in a liquid crystal material. Theamount of the chiral material added affects the diffraction wavelengthof the liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase. Therefore, theamount of the chiral material to be added is preferably adjusted so thatthe diffraction wavelength of the liquid crystal material exhibiting ablue phase is out of a visible region (380 nm to 750 nm. As the chiralmaterial, S-811 (produced by Merck), S-1011 (produced by Merck),1,4:3,6-dianhydro-2,5-bis[4-(n-hexyl-1-oxy)benzoic acid]sorbitol(abbreviation: ISO-(6OBA)₂) (produced by Midori Kagaku Co., Ltd.), orthe like can be selected as appropriate.

<Polymer Stabilization Treatment>

By subjecting the above-described liquid crystal composition to polymerstabilization treatment (polymerization treatment), a polymer/liquidcrystal composite including the liquid crystal material whose blue phaseis stabilized with a polymer can be obtained. Note that the polymerstabilization treatment is a treatment for stabilizing the blue phase ofthe liquid crystal material with a polymer (a polymer network) which isformed by polymerization of the liquid-crystalline monomer and thenon-liquid-crystalline monomer contained in the liquid crystalcomposition.

For example, as the polymer stabilization treatment, a treatment inwhich the liquid crystal composition is irradiated with ultraviolet raysin a temperature range where the liquid crystal material exhibiting ablue phase exhibits the blue phase or an isotropic phase can beemployed. Note that the liquid crystal composition allows the polymerstabilization treatment to be achieved not only in a temperature rangewhere the liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase exhibits theblue phase but also in a temperature range where it exhibits anisotropic phase.

This makes it possible to obtain a polymer/liquid crystal compositewhich includes a polymer (a polymer network) obtained byphotopolymerization of the liquid-crystalline monomer and thenon-liquid-crystalline monomer contained in the liquid crystalcomposition, and a liquid crystal material whose blue phase isstabilized with the polymer (the polymer network).

Note that in the case of employing the above-described method to obtaina polymer/liquid crystal composite, it is preferable to select aliquid-crystalline monomer and a non-liquid-crystalline monomer of aliquid crystal composition in view of the fact given below.

Monomers such as the liquid-crystalline monomer and thenon-liquid-crystalline monomer contained in the liquid crystalcomposition are likely to affect the temperature of phase transitionbetween blue and isotropic phases in the liquid crystal materialexhibiting a blue phase which is contained in the liquid crystalcomposition.

Specifically, as the proportion of the polymer contained in the liquidcrystal composition increases, the phase transition temperature islowered (or raised). On the other hand, polymers (polymer network)obtained by polymerization of monomers are unlikely to affect the phasetransition temperature. Therefore, as the proportion of the monomersdecreases (or the proportion of the polymer increases) through thepolymer stabilization treatment (polymerization treatment), the phasetransition temperature is also raised (or lowered) linearly. In thisregard, in the case of employing the above-described method to obtain apolymer/liquid crystal composite, it is preferable to select monomerscapable of lowering the phase transition temperature of the liquidcrystal material exhibiting a blue phase, as the liquid-crystallinemonomer and the non-liquid-crystalline monomer included in the liquidcrystal composition. This can easily cause the phase transition from theisotropic phase to the blue phase in the liquid crystal material in thecase of employing the above method.

<Polymer/Liquid Crystal Composite>

The above-described polymer stabilization treatment enables apolymer/liquid crystal composite of one embodiment of the presentinvention to be obtained.

The polymer/liquid crystal composite of one embodiment of the presentinvention particularly allows the polymer stabilization treatment to beperformed not only in a temperature range where the liquid crystalmaterial exhibiting a blue phase exhibits the blue phase but also in atemperature range where it exhibits an isotropic phase. In particular,the polymer stabilization treatment for obtaining the polymer/liquidcrystal composite of one embodiment of the present invention ispreferably performed in a temperature range where the liquid crystalmaterial exhibits the isotropic phase or at a temperature higher than orequal to the upper limit temperature at which the liquid crystalmaterial exhibits a blue phase I.

As described above, the polymer/liquid crystal composite exhibiting ablue phase, which is one embodiment of the present invention, has astructure in which orientation periodicities of a plurality of domainsare lowered or a structure in which a defective orientation does notoccur even when there are orientation periodicities. The use of such apolymer/liquid crystal composite can reduce the occurrence of adefective orientation.

This embodiment can be implemented in combination with any of the otherembodiments and the example as appropriate.

Embodiment 2

In this embodiment, a liquid crystal display device manufactured usingthe polymer/liquid crystal composite of one embodiment of the presentinvention will be described. The liquid crystal display device may be apassive-matrix liquid crystal display device or an active-matrix liquidcrystal display device, and in this embodiment, the case where thepolymer/liquid crystal composite is applied to an active matrix liquidcrystal display device will be described with reference to FIGS. 2A and2B.

FIG. 2A is a plan view of the liquid crystal display device andillustrates one pixel. FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view taken alongX1-X2 in FIG. 2A.

In FIG. 2A, a plurality of source wiring layers 305 (including a wiringlayer 305 a) is provided in parallel to each other (extended in thevertical direction in FIG. 2A) and apart from each other. A plurality ofgate wiring layers 301 (including a gate electrode layer 301 a) isprovided apart from each other and extended in the directionsubstantially orthogonal to the source wiring layers 305 (extended inthe horizontal direction in FIG. 2A). A plurality of common wiringlayers 308 is provided so as to be adjacent to the corresponding gatewiring layers 301 and extend in a direction parallel to or substantiallyparallel to the gate wiring layers 301, that is, in a directionperpendicular to or substantially perpendicular to the source wiringlayers 305 (the lateral direction in FIG. 2A). A pixel electrode layer347 and a common electrode layer 346 of the liquid crystal displaydevice are arranged in a space surrounded by the source wiring layers305, the common wiring layers 308, and the gate wiring layers 301. Notethat the pixel electrode layer 347 is electrically connected to atransistor 320, and the transistor 320 is provided in each pixel.

In the liquid crystal display device of FIG. 2A, a capacitor is formedby the pixel electrode layer 347 and the common wiring layer 308.Although the common wiring layer 308 can operate in a floating state (anelectrically isolated state), the potential thereof may be set to afixed potential, preferably to a potential around a common potential (anintermediate potential of an image signal which is transmitted as data)at such a level as not to generate flickers.

In the electrode structure in the liquid crystal display device of FIGS.2A and 2B, the pixel electrode layer 347 and the common electrode layer346 are formed in one plane that is parallel to the substrate. A methodin which grayscale is controlled by generating an electric field in thedirection parallel to a substrate to move liquid crystal molecules in aplane parallel to the substrate (i.e., IPS mode) can be applied

Next, a cross-sectional structure of the liquid crystal display deviceshown in FIG. 2B is described. The liquid crystal display deviceillustrated in FIG. 2B has a structure in which a liquid crystal layer344 is provided between a second substrate 342 and a first substrate 341having the transistor 320, the pixel electrode layer 347, the commonelectrode layer 346, and the like. Further, polarizing plates 343 a and343 b are provided in contact with the first substrate 341 and thesecond substrate 342, respectively.

Note that the transistor 320 is an inverted staggered thin filmtransistor in which the gate electrode layer 301 a, a gate insulatinglayer 302, a semiconductor layer 303, and wiring layers 305 a and 305 bwhich function as a source electrode layer and a drain electrode layerare formed over the first substrate 341 having an insulating surface.

There is no particular limitation on the structure of the transistorthat can be applied to a liquid crystal display device of thisembodiment; for example, a staggered type transistor or a planar typetransistor having a top-gate structure or a bottom-gate structure can beemployed. The transistor may have a single-gate structure in which onechannel formation region is formed or a double-gate structure in whichtwo channel formation regions are formed. Alternatively, the transistormay have a dual gate structure including two gate electrode layerspositioned over and below a channel region with a gate insulating layerprovided therebetween.

In FIG. 2B, the gate electrode layer 301 a is formed over the firstsubstrate 341. The gate electrode layer 301 a can be formed to have asingle-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure using a metalmaterial such as molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), tantalum(Ta), tungsten (W), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), neodymium (Nd), orscandium (Sc), or an alloy material containing any of the metalmaterials as a main component. By using a light-blocking conductive filmas the gate electrode layer 301 a, light from a backlight (light emittedthrough the first substrate 341) can be prevented from entering thesemiconductor layer 303.

The gate electrode layer 301 a may have a stacked structure. Forexample, in the case where the gate electrode layer 301 a has atwo-layer structure, any of the following two-layer structures ispreferable: a two-layer structure in which a molybdenum layer is stackedover an aluminum layer, a two-layer structure in which a molybdenumlayer is stacked over a copper layer, a two-layer structure in which atitanium nitride layer or a tantalum nitride layer is stacked over acopper layer, and a two-layer structure in which a titanium nitridelayer and molybdenum layer are stacked. In the case where the gateelectrode layer 301 a has a three-layer structure, a stacked structureof a tungsten layer or a tungsten nitride layer, a layer of an alloy ofaluminum and silicon or a layer of an alloy of aluminum and titanium,and a titanium nitride layer or a titanium layer is preferable.

Note that a base film formed of an insulating film may be providedbetween the first substrate 341 and the gate electrode layer 301 a. Thebase film has a function of preventing diffusion of an impurity elementfrom the first substrate 341, and can be formed to have a single-layerstructure or a stacked structure using one or more of a silicon nitridefilm, a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride oxide film, and a siliconoxynitride film.

The gate insulating layer 302 can be formed to have a single-layerstructure or a stacked structure using a silicon oxide layer, a siliconnitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, or a silicon nitride oxidelayer by a plasma CVD method, a sputtering method, or the like.Alternatively, a silicon oxide layer formed by a CVD method using anorganosilane gas can be used as the insulating layer 302. As anorganosilane gas, a silicon-containing compound such astetraethoxysilane (TEOS) (chemical formula: Si(OC₂H₅)₄),tetramethylsilane (TMS) (chemical formula: Si(CH₃)₄),tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMCTS), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane(OMCTS), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), triethoxysilane (chemical formula:SiH(OC₂H₅)₃), or trisdimethylaminosilane (chemical formula:SiH(N(CH₃)₂)₃) can be used.

A material used for the semiconductor layer 303 is not limited to aparticular material and may be determined as appropriate in accordancewith characteristics needed for the transistor 320. The semiconductorlayer 303 can be formed using any of the following materials: anamorphous semiconductor manufactured by a sputtering method or avapor-phase growth method using a semiconductor source gas typified bysilane or germane; a polycrystalline semiconductor formed bycrystallizing the amorphous semiconductor with use of light energy orthermal energy; a microcrystalline semiconductor; an oxidesemiconductor; and the like.

A typical example of an amorphous semiconductor is hydrogenatedamorphous silicon, while a typical example of a crystallinesemiconductor is polysilicon and the like. Polysilicon (polycrystallinesilicon) includes high-temperature polysilicon which containspolysilicon formed at a process temperature of 800° C. or higher as itsmain component, low-temperature polysilicon which contains polysiliconformed at a process temperature of 600° C. or lower as its maincomponent, and polysilicon formed by crystallizing amorphous silicon byusing an element or the like which promotes crystallization. Needless tosay, as described above, a microcrystalline semiconductor or asemiconductor which includes a crystal phase in part of a semiconductorlayer can also be used.

Examples of an oxide semiconductor are an In—Sn—Ga—Zn—O-based oxidesemiconductor, an In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor, anIn—Sn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor, an In—Al—Zn—O-based oxidesemiconductor, a Sn—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor, anAl—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor, a Sn—Al—Zn—O-based oxidesemiconductor, an In—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor, a Sn—Zn—O-basedoxide semiconductor, an Al—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor, aZn—Mg—O-based oxide semiconductor, a Sn—Mg—O-based oxide semiconductor,an In—Mg—O-based oxide semiconductor, In—Ga—O-based oxide semiconductor,an In—O-based oxide semiconductor, a Sn—O-based oxide semiconductor, anda Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor, and the like. Here, for example, theIn—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide containing at least In,Ga, and Zn, and there is no particular limitation on the compositionratio thereof. The In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor may include anelement other than In, Ga, and Zn.

The semiconductor layer 303 can be formed by a sputtering method, anLPCVD method, a plasma CVD method, or the like. In an etching step forprocessing the semiconductor layer 303 into a desired shape, dry etchingor wet etching can be used.

As a material for the wiring layers 305 a and 305 b which serve as thesource and drain electrode layers of the transistor 320, there is anelement selected from aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta),titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), copper (Cu), and magnesium(Mg), an alloy containing any of these elements as its component, analloy in which any of these elements are combined, or the like. Further,in the case where heat treatment is performed, the conductive filmpreferably has heat resistance high enough to withstand the heattreatment. For example, since the use of aluminum (Al) alone bringsdisadvantages such as low heat resistance and a tendency to corrosion,aluminum is used in combination with a conductive material having heatresistance. As the conductive material having heat resistance, which iscombined with aluminum, it is possible to use an element selected fromtitanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium(Cr), neodymium (Nd), and scandium (Sc), an alloy containing any ofthese elements as its component, an alloy containing a combination ofany of these elements, or a nitride containing any of these elements asits component.

Note that the gate insulating layer 302, the semiconductor layer 303,and the wiring layers 305 a and 305 b may be successively formed withoutbeing exposed to the air. When the gate insulating layer 302, thesemiconductor layer 303, and the wiring layers 305 a and 305 b areformed successively without being exposed to the air, an interfacebetween the layers can be formed without being contaminated withatmospheric components or impurity elements contained in the air. Thus,variations in characteristics of thin film transistors can be reduced.

An inorganic insulating film or an organic insulating film formed by adry method or a wet method can be used as an insulating layer 307 and aninsulating layer 309. For example, a silicon nitride film, a siliconoxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, an aluminum oxide film, or atantalum oxide film, which is formed by a plasma CVD method, asputtering method, or the like, can be used. Further, an organicmaterial such as a polyimide-based resin, an acrylic-based resin, abenzocyclobutene-based resin, a polyimide-based resin, or an epoxy-basedresin can be used. Other than the organic materials given above, alow-dielectric constant material (low-k material), a siloxane-basedresin, or the like can be used.

Note that the insulating layer 307 and the insulating layer 309 may beformed to have a stacked structure including a plurality of insulatingfilms formed using the materials given above. For example, theinsulating layer 307 and the insulating layer 309 may have a structurein which an organic resin film is stacked over an inorganic insulatingfilm.

An interlayer insulating film 313 can be formed using the same materialas the insulating layer 307 and the insulating layer 309. There is noparticular limitation on the method for forming the interlayer film 313,and the following method or tool (equipment) can be used depending onthe material: spin coating, dipping, spray coating, a droplet dischargemethod (e.g., an inkjet method), a printing method (e.g., screenprinting or offset printing), a roll coater, a curtain coater, a knifecoater, or the like.

The pixel electrode layer 347 and the common wiring layer 308 can beformed using a light-transmitting conductive material such as indiumoxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungstenoxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxidecontaining titanium oxide, indium tin oxide (hereinafter referred to asITO), indium zinc oxide, or indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide isadded. Alternatively, the pixel electrode layer 347 and the commonelectrode layer 308 can be formed using one or more kinds of materialsselected from a metal such as tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), zirconium(Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium(Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), platinum (Pt), aluminum(Al), copper (Cu), and silver (Ag); an alloy containing any of thesemetals; and a nitride of these metals.

The polymer/liquid crystal composite described in Embodiment 1 is usedfor the liquid crystal layer 344. Note that the polymer/liquid crystalcomposite can be formed by performing polymer stabilization treatment ona liquid crystal composition including a liquid crystal materialexhibiting a blue phase, a liquid-crystalline monomer, anon-liquid-crystalline monomer, a polymerization initiator, and thelike.

The use of the polymer/liquid crystal composite of one embodiment of thepresent invention for the liquid crystal layer 344 can reduce theoccurrence of a defective orientation in the polymer/liquid crystalcomposite exhibiting a blue phase. As the result, defects of a panel ofthe liquid crystal display device can be reduced, so that the yield ofthe liquid crystal display device can be improved.

The liquid crystal layer 344 is formed as follows: for example, theliquid crystal composition is provided between the first substrate 341and the second substrate 342 that is a counter substrate, and then thefirst and second substrates are bonded together with a sealant (notillustrated). The liquid crystal composition can be provided between thefirst and second substrates by a dropping method (ODF), or a liquidcrystal injection method in which the first substrate 341 and the secondsubstrate 342 are bonded together and then a liquid crystal is injectedusing a capillary phenomenon or the like.

As the sealant, it is typically preferable to use a visible lightcurable resin, an ultraviolet curable resin, or a heat curable resin. Anacrylic resin, an epoxy resin, an amine resin, or the like can betypically used. Further, a photopolymerization initiator (typically,ultraviolet ray polymerization initiator), a thermosetting agent, afiller, or a coupling agent may be included in the sealant.

After the space between the first substrate 341 and the second substrate342 is filled with the liquid crystal composition, polymer stabilizationtreatment (polymerization treatment) is performed by light irradiation,whereby the liquid crystal layer 344 including the polymer/liquidcrystal composite of one embodiment of the present invention is formed.The light has a wavelength with which the liquid crystalline monomer,the non-liquid-crystalline monomer, and the polymerization initiatorincluded in the liquid crystal composition react. Through the polymerstabilization treatment (polymerization treatment) by the lightirradiation, the liquid crystal layer 344 including the polymer/liquidcrystal composite is obtained. Note that in the case of using aphotocurable resin as a sealant, curing of the sealant may be performedsimultaneously with the polymer stabilization treatment.

Note that owing to the electrode structure of the liquid crystal displaydevice of this embodiment, liquid crystal molecules included in theliquid crystal layer 344 are controlled by an electric field in thehorizontal direction. The polymer/liquid crystal composite is aligned soas to exhibit a blue phase and can be controlled in the directionparallel to the substrate; thus, a wide viewing angle can be obtained.

In this embodiment, the polarizing plate 343 a is provided on the outerside (on the side opposite to the liquid crystal layer 344) of the firstsubstrate 341, and the polarizing plate 343 b is provided on the outerside (on the side opposite to the liquid crystal layer 344) of thesecond substrate 342. In addition to the polarizing plates, an opticalfilm such as a retardation plate or an anti-reflection film may beprovided. For example, circular polarization by the polarizing plate andthe retardation plate may be used.

Although not illustrated, a backlight, a sidelight, or the like can beused as a light source of the liquid crystal display device described inthis embodiment. Light from the light source is emitted from the firstsubstrate 341 side so as to pass through the second substrate 342 on theviewing side.

In the case of manufacturing a plurality of liquid crystal displaydevices using a large-sized substrate (a so-called multiple panelmethod), a division step can be performed before the polymerstabilization treatment is performed or before the polarizing plates areprovided. In consideration of the influence of the division step on theliquid crystal layer (such as disorder of orientation due to forceapplied in the division step), it is preferable that the division stepbe performed after the attachment of the first substrate 341 and thesecond substrate 342 before the polymer stabilization treatment.

As described above, in the liquid crystal display device described inthis embodiment, the polymer/liquid crystal composite of one embodimentof the present invention is used for the liquid crystal layer, so that ablue phase can be exhibited and a high-image-quality liquid crystaldisplay device which provides high contrast and has a high level ofvisibility can be provided. In addition, the occurrence of a defectiveorientation in the polymer/liquid crystal composite exhibiting a bluephase can be reduced. This can reduce defects of a panel in a liquidcrystal display device. Moreover, a liquid crystal element employing ablue phase is capable of high-speed response, which enables a liquidcrystal display device with higher performance to be achieved.

This embodiment can be implemented in combination with any of the otherembodiments and the example as appropriate.

Example 1

In this example, a polymer/liquid crystal composite of one embodiment ofthe present invention was formed and evaluated. In addition, anotherpolymer/liquid crystal composite was formed and evaluated for comparisonwith the polymer/liquid crystal composite of one embodiment of thepresent invention. Note that the formed polymer/liquid crystalcomposites were observed with a confocal laser microscope for theevaluation.

The polymer/liquid crystal composites were each formed by forming aliquid crystal composition and subjecting the liquid crystal compositionto polymer stabilization treatment. Note that the polymer/liquid crystalcomposite of one embodiment of the present invention and thepolymer/liquid crystal composite for comparison are described inCondition A and Condition B, respectively. The liquid crystalcompositions, polymer stabilization treatment, and polymer/liquidcrystal composites in this example are described below.

<Condition a (Present Invention)> (Liquid Crystal Composition)

The liquid crystal composition in Condition A includes E-8(abbreviation) (produced by LCC Corporation),4-(trans-4-n-propylcyclohexyl)-3′,4′-difluoro-1,1′-biphenyl(abbreviation: CPP-3FF), and 4-n-pentylbenzoic acid4-cyano-3-fluorophenyl ester (abbreviation: PEP-5CNF), each of which isa liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase,1,4-bis[4-(6-acryloyloxy-n-hexyl-1-oxy)benzoyloxy]-2-methylbenzene(abbreviation: RM257-O6, produced by SYNTHON Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG) asa liquid-crystalline monomer, dodecyl methacrylate (abbreviation: DMeAc)(produced by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) as anon-liquid-crystalline monomer, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone(abbreviation: DMPAP) (produced by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd) asa polymerization initiator, and1,4:3,6-dianhydro-2,5-bis[4-(n-hexyl-1-oxy)benzoic acid]sorbitol(abbreviation: ISO-(6OBA)₂) (produced by Midori Kagaku Co., Ltd.) as achiral material.

Shown below are the structural formulae of the substances given above.

Note that E-8 (abbreviation) that is the liquid crystal material is amixture of five kinds of substances, namely, 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl,4-cyano-4′-propyloxybiphenyl, 4-cyano-4′-pentyloxybiphenyl,4-cyano-4′-octyloxybiphenyl, and 4-cyano-4″-pentyl-p-terphenyl inproportions (wt %) written besides the above structural formulae. Inaddition, RM257-O6 (abbreviation) that is the liquid-crystalline monomeris a liquid-crystalline monomer with an oxyalkylene group having a chainlength (including carbon atoms and oxygen atoms) of 7.

Table 1 shows the proportions of the substances given above in theliquid crystal composition in Condition A.

TABLE 1 Classification Material name Proportion (wt %) Liquid crystalmaterial E-8 33.5 CPP-3FF 25.0 PEP-5CNF 25.0 Liquid-crystalline monomerRM257-O6 4.0 Non-liquid-crystalline monomer DMeAc 4.0 Polymerizationinitiator DMPAP Small amount Chiral material ISO-(6OBA)₂ 8.0 Total 100.0

The liquid crystal material included in the liquid crystal compositionin Condition A exhibited a blue phase at 27.1° C. to 31.4° C. In otherwords, the point of phase transition between a cholesteric phase and theblue phase in the liquid crystal material included in the liquid crystalcomposition was 27.1° C., and the point of phase transition between anisotropic phase and the blue phase therein was 31.4° C.

<Polymer Stabilization Treatment>

Next, the liquid crystal composition in Condition A provided between apair of glass substrates was sealed by a sealant to fabricate a liquidcrystal cell. Then, the liquid crystal cell was subjected to polymerstabilization treatment. Note that the liquid crystal cell wasfabricated as follows: the pair of glass substrates with a gap (cellgap) of 4 μm therebetween was attached with the sealant and then theliquid crystal composition was injected into the space between the pairof glass substrates by an injection method.

As the sealant, an ultraviolet and heat curable sealant was used.Furthermore, the sealant was subjected to ultraviolet rays (irradiance:100 mW/cm²) irradiation treatment for 90 seconds as curing treatment.Then, the liquid crystal cell was subjected to heat treatment at 120° C.for 1 hour. After that, polishing treatment was performed such that thethickness of one of the pair of glass substrates on the side to beobserved with a confocal laser microscope became 0.17 mm. Note that thethickness of each of the pair of glass substrates before the treatmentwas 0.7 mm.

The polymer stabilization treatment was performed by raising thetemperature to 70° C., at which the liquid crystal material included inthe liquid crystal composition in Condition A exhibits an isotropicphase, and then lowering the temperature to 36° C., and by irradiatingthe liquid crystal cell held in that state with ultraviolet rays(wavelength: 365 nm, irradiance: 8 mW/cm²) for 6 minutes.

<Polymer/Liquid Crystal Composite>

By the above-described polymer stabilization treatment, thepolymer/liquid crystal composite in Condition A was obtained. FIGS. 3Aand 3B each show a texture of the polymer/liquid crystal composite inCondition A, which was observed with a confocal laser microscope (C2,produced by Nikon Instech Co., Ltd.). Note that the observation wasperformed under the following conditions: laser light with a wavelengthof 401 nm was used, the measurement mode was a reflective mode, and thetemperature was room temperature. FIG. 3A shows the texture of thepolymer/liquid crystal composite observed with a 100× objective lens.FIG. 3B shows the texture of the polymer/liquid crystal compositeobserved with the 100× objective lens at a scan rate of 1/10 of that ina normal observation (i.e., an effective magnification of 1000 times).

Note that an optical system of a confocal laser microscope ischaracterized by the capability of eliminating information of thenon-focal plane and extracting only information of the focal plane. Inother words, when the focal plane is set as appropriate in theobservation with the confocal laser microscope, a desired planeperpendicular to the thickness direction of an object can be observed.

FIGS. 3A and 3B demonstrate that the size of each domain in thepolymer/liquid crystal composite in Condition A is 3 μm or less.

<Condition B (Comparative Example)> (Liquid Crystal Composition)

The liquid crystal composition in Condition B includes E-8(abbreviation) CPP-3FF (abbreviation), and PEP-5CNF (abbreviation) as aliquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase,1,4-bis[4-(3-acryloyloxy-n-propyl-1-oxy)benzoyloxy]-2-methylbenzene(abbreviation: RM257-O3, produced by SYNTHON Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG) asa liquid-crystalline monomer, DMeAc (abbreviation) as anon-liquid-crystalline monomer, DMPAP (abbreviation) as a polymerizationinitiator, and ISO-(6OBA)₂ as a chiral material. In other words, theliquid crystal composition in Condition B includes the same substancesas the liquid crystal composition in Condition A except theliquid-crystalline monomer.

The structural formula of RM257-O3 (abbreviation) is shown below.

Note that the liquid-crystalline monomer RM257-O3 (abbreviation) is aliquid-crystalline monomer with an oxyalkylene group having a chainlength (including carbon atoms and oxygen atoms) of 4.

Table 2 shows the proportions of the substances given above in theliquid crystal composition in Condition B.

TABLE 2 Classification Material name Proportion (wt %) Liquid crystalmaterial E-8 33.5 CPP-3FF 25.0 PEP-5CNF 25.0 Liquid-crystalline monomerRM257-O3 4.0 Non-liquid-crystalline monomer DMeAc 4.0 Polymerizationinitiator DMPAP Small amount Chiral material ISO-(6OBA)₂ 8.0 Total 100.0

The liquid crystal material included in the liquid crystal compositionin Condition B exhibited a blue phase at 27.4° C. to 31.8° C. In otherwords, the point of phase transition between a cholesteric phase and theblue phase in the liquid crystal material included in the liquid crystalcomposition was 27.4° C., and the point of phase transition between anisotropic phase and the blue phase therein was 31.8° C.

<Polymer Stabilization Treatment>

Next, the liquid crystal composition in Condition B provided between apair of glass substrates was sealed by a sealant to fabricate a liquidcrystal cell. Then, the liquid crystal cell was subjected to polymerstabilization treatment. Note that the liquid crystal cell wasfabricated as follows: the pair of glass substrates with a gap (cellgap) of 4 μm therebetween is attached with the sealant and then theliquid crystal composition was injected into the space between the pairof substrates by an injection method. As the sealant, an ultraviolet andheat curable sealant was used. Furthermore, the sealant was subjected toultraviolet rays (irradiance: 100 mW/cm²) irradiation treatment for 90seconds as curing treatment. Then, the liquid crystal cell was subjectedto heat treatment at 120° C. for 1 hour. After that, polishing treatmentwas performed such that the thickness of one of the pair of glasssubstrates on the side to be observed with a confocal laser microscopebecame 0.17 mm. Note that the thickness of each of the pair of glasssubstrates before the treatment was 0.7 mm.

The polymer stabilization treatment was performed by raising thetemperature to 70° C., at which the liquid crystal material included inthe liquid crystal composition exhibits an isotropic phase, and thenlowering the temperature to 31° C., and by irradiating the liquidcrystal cell held in that state with ultraviolet rays (wavelength: 365nm, irradiance: 8 mW/cm²) for 6 minutes.

<Polymer/Liquid Crystal Composite>

By the above-described polymer stabilization treatment, thepolymer/liquid crystal composite in Condition B was obtained. FIGS. 4Aand 4B each show a texture of the polymer/liquid crystal composite inCondition B, which was observed with a confocal laser microscope (C2,produced by Nikon Instech Co., Ltd.). Note that the observation wasperformed under the following conditions: laser light with a wavelengthof 401 nm was used, the measurement mode was a reflective mode, and thetemperature was room temperature. FIG. 4A shows the texture of thepolymer/liquid crystal composite observed with a 100× objective lens.FIG. 4B shows the texture of the polymer/liquid crystal compositeobserved with the 100× objective lens at a scan rate of 1/10 of that ina normal observation (i.e., an effective magnification of 1000 times).

FIGS. 4A and 4B demonstrate that the size of each domain in thepolymer/liquid crystal composite in Condition B is 5 μm to 10 μm.

The size of each domain in the polymer/liquid crystal composite inCondition B is 5 μm to 10 μm. In addition, the continuity between thedomains at boundaries between the domains is low because of highorientation periodicities of the domains. In contrast, the size of eachdomain in the polymer/liquid crystal composite in Condition A, which isone embodiment of the present invention, is 3 μm or less owing to theliquid crystalline monomer and the chiral content. In addition, theorientation periodicities of the domains are lowered. Thus, in thepolymer/liquid crystal composite of one embodiment of the presentinvention, the occurrence of a defective orientation due to highorientation periodicities at a boundary between adjacent domains can besuppressed.

This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no.2012-125660 filed with the Japan Patent Office on Jun. 1, 2012, theentire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

1. (canceled)
 2. A semiconductor device comprising: a gate electrodeover a substrate; a gate insulating film over the gate electrode; anoxide semiconductor layer over the gate insulating film; a firstelectrode over the oxide semiconductor layer; a second electrode overthe oxide semiconductor layer; an insulating film over the firstelectrode and the second electrode; a pixel electrode over theinsulating film; a common electrode over the insulating film; and aliquid crystal layer over the pixel electrode and the common electrode,wherein the pixel electrode is electrically connected to the secondelectrode through a contact hole in the insulating film, and wherein theliquid crystal layer includes a reaction initiator.
 3. The semiconductordevice according to claim 2, wherein the liquid crystal layer includes aplurality domains, and wherein a size of each of the plurality domainsis smaller than and equal to 3 μm.
 4. The semiconductor device accordingto claim 2, wherein the liquid crystal layer includes a liquidcrystalline monomer represented by Structure Formula (100)


5. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the liquidcrystal layer includes a chiral material represented by Structureformula (101)


6. The semiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the liquidcrystal layer comprises a blue phase.
 7. The semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 2, wherein the liquid crystal layer comprises anetwork polymer.
 8. A semiconductor device comprising: a gate electrodeover a substrate; a gate insulating film over the gate electrode; anoxide semiconductor layer over the gate insulating film; a firstelectrode over the oxide semiconductor layer; a second electrode overthe oxide semiconductor layer; an insulating film over the firstelectrode and the second electrode; a pixel electrode over theinsulating film; a common electrode over the insulating film; and aliquid crystal layer over the pixel electrode and the common electrode,wherein the pixel electrode is electrically connected to the secondelectrode through a contact hole in the insulating film, and wherein theliquid crystal layer includes a liquid crystalline monomer.
 9. Thesemiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the liquid crystallayer includes a plurality domains, and wherein a size of each of theplurality domains is smaller than and equal to 3 μm.
 10. Thesemiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the liquidcrystalline monomer is a chemical material represented by StructureFormula (100)


11. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the liquidcrystal layer includes a chiral material represented by Structureformula (101)


12. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the liquidcrystal layer comprises a blue phase.
 13. The semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 8, wherein the liquid crystal layer comprises anetwork polymer.
 14. A semiconductor device comprising: a switchcomprising over a substrate; an insulating film over the switch; a pixelelectrode over the insulating film; a common electrode over theinsulating film; and a liquid crystal layer over the pixel electrode andthe common electrode; wherein the pixel electrode is electricallyconnected to a first electrode in the switch through a contact hole inthe insulating film, wherein the first electrode is electricallyconnected to a channel formation layer comprising an oxide semiconductorlayer in the switch, and wherein the liquid crystal layer includes areaction initiator.
 15. The semiconductor device according to claim 14,wherein the liquid crystal layer includes a plurality domains, andwherein a size of each of the plurality domains is smaller than andequal to 3 μm.
 16. The semiconductor device according to claim 14,wherein the liquid crystal layer includes a liquid crystalline monomerrepresented by Structure Formula (100)


17. The semiconductor device according to claim 14, wherein the liquidcrystal layer includes a chiral material represented by Structureformula (101)


18. The semiconductor device according to claim 14, wherein the liquidcrystal layer comprises a blue phase.
 19. The semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 14, wherein the liquid crystal layer comprises anetwork polymer.
 20. A semiconductor device comprising: a switchcomprising over a substrate; an insulating film over the switch; a pixelelectrode over the insulating film; a common electrode over theinsulating film; and a liquid crystal layer over the pixel electrode andthe common electrode; wherein the pixel electrode is electricallyconnected to a first electrode in the switch through a contact hole inthe insulating film, wherein the first electrode is electricallyconnected to a channel formation layer comprising an oxide semiconductorlayer in the switch, and wherein the liquid crystal layer includes aliquid crystalline monomer.
 21. The semiconductor device according toclaim 20, wherein the liquid crystal layer includes a plurality domains,and wherein a size of each of the plurality domains is smaller than andequal to 3 μm.
 22. The semiconductor device according to claim 20,wherein the liquid crystalline monomer is a chemical materialrepresented by Structure Formula (100)


23. The semiconductor device according to claim 20, wherein the liquidcrystal layer includes a chiral material represented by Structureformula (101)


24. The semiconductor device according to claim 20, wherein the liquidcrystal layer comprises a blue phase.
 25. The semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 20, wherein the liquid crystal layer comprises anetwork polymer.